{"id":176,"date":"2021-04-29T13:09:37","date_gmt":"2021-04-29T07:39:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/?p=176"},"modified":"2021-09-27T13:08:01","modified_gmt":"2021-09-27T07:38:01","slug":"what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/","title":{"rendered":"What is a Microcontroller,Types, Applications, and How does it Work?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f4007d4467f\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-69f4007d4467f\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#What_is_a_Microcontroller\" title=\"What is a Microcontroller?\u00a0\">What is a Microcontroller?\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#What_are_the_elements_of_a_microcontroller\" title=\"What are the elements of a microcontroller?\u00a0\">What are the elements of a microcontroller?\u00a0<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#Other_supporting_elements_include\" title=\"Other supporting elements include:\">Other supporting elements include:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#How_Microcontroller_do_works\" title=\"How Microcontroller do works?\">How Microcontroller do works?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#Types_of_microcontrollers\" title=\"Types of microcontrollers\u00a0\">Types of microcontrollers\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#FeaturesAdvantages_of_Microcontrollers\" title=\"Features\/Advantages of Microcontrollers\u00a0\">Features\/Advantages of Microcontrollers\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#Disadvantages_of_Microcontrollers\" title=\"Disadvantages of Microcontrollers\u00a0\">Disadvantages of Microcontrollers\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#Examples_of_Microcontroller\" title=\"Examples of Microcontroller\u00a0\">Examples of Microcontroller\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#Applications_of_Microcontroller\" title=\"Applications of Microcontroller\u00a0\">Applications of Microcontroller\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-a-microcontrollers-and-how-does-it-work\/#Microcontrollers_vs_Microprocessors\" title=\"Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors\u00a0\">Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microcontrollers are a huge part of today&#8217;s world. Everywhere you see microcontrollers are present in various forms whether driving a car, on any computer gadgets, also making a coffee with a coffee machine. As technology increases, the way of working also develops. Let&#8217;s start with the microcontroller.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_a_Microcontroller\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>What is a Microcontroller?<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">A microcontroller also called MCUs or Microcontroller Unit is a single integrated circuit (IC) that is used for a specific application and designed to implement certain tasks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Products and devices that have been automatically controlled in certain situations, like appliances, power tools, automobile engine control systems, medical equipment, high-end consumer electronics, rugged industrial devices, and computers are great examples, but microcontrollers reach much higher than these applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Essentially, a microcontroller works to gather input, process the information, and output a particular action based on the information gathered.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microcontrollers or MCUs can operate at lower speeds, for example, it can operate at around in 1MHz to 200 MHz of range, and is designed to consume less power because they&#8217;re embedded inside the other devices, which have greater power consumptions in other areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_elements_of_a_microcontroller\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>What are the elements of a microcontroller?<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">A microcontroller can be seen as a small computer, and this is often due to the essential elements inside it. The elements of microcontrollers are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The Central Processing Unit (CPU)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The Random-Access Memory (RAM)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The Read-Only Memory (ROM)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The Input\/Output Ports (I\/O Ports)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Internal Oscillator<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): <\/strong>It is essentially known as the brain of the microcomputer. This element of the microcontroller is a microprocessor that controls and monitors all the processes taking place inside the microcontroller unit (MCU). It&#8217;s responsible for the reading and execution of all arithmetic and mathematical functions that have been performed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. Random-Access Memory (RAM): <\/strong>It is a temporary storage memory that stores information only when the power is on. It helps to run and calculate the programs which the MCU is told to execute. It is continually overwritten while in use.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>3. Read-Only Memory (ROM): <\/strong>It is a pre-written permanent storage memory that can work even when the power is off. It essentially instructs the microcontroller on how to execute its calculation and programs when asked.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>4. Input\/Output Ports (I\/O Ports): <\/strong>The I\/O ports consist of one or more communications ports, typically in the form of connective pins. They permit the MCU to be connected to other components and circuits for the flow of input\/output data signals and power supply.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>5. Internal Oscillator: <\/strong>Also known as the main timer of the MCU. The Internal Oscillator functions as the microcontroller\u2019s core clock and controls the execution rhythms of its internal processes. Similarly, any other kind of timer keeps track of your time because it elapses during a given process, and helps the MCU to start and end specific functions at specified intervals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">You can read also:<\/span> <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-an-amplifier-and-how-it-works\/\">What is an Amplifier and How it Works?<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>6. The Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM): <\/strong>It is a kind of non-volatile memory used by MCU. Electrical Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory stores amounts of data and information by allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_supporting_elements_include\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Other supporting elements include:<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>1. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC):<\/strong> This is a single used to convert analog signals to digital signals. It permits the processor of the MCU to interface with external analog devices, for example &#8211; sensors. It can be used for various digital applications, e.g. measurement devices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>2. <\/strong><strong>Digital to Analog Converter (DAC):<\/strong> This is the reverse of ADC that means converts digital signals to analog signals and permits the processor of the MCU to communicate its outgoing signals to external analog components. It is usually used for controlling analog devices like DC motors, various drives, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a03. <\/strong><strong>System bus: <\/strong>It is a connective wire that connects all the components of the microcontroller.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a04. <\/strong><strong>Serial Port: <\/strong>It is an example of I\/O ports that permits the microcontroller to connect to external components. It is similar to USB but differs in the way it exchanges bits.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Microcontroller_do_works\"><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>How Microcontroller do works?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">A microcontroller is embedded inside a system to regulate a singular function in a device. It does regulate by interpreting data it receives from its Input-Output peripherals using its central processor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It stores temporary data and the temporary information received by a microcontroller is stored in its data memory, where the processor can access it and uses the stored instructions in its program memory to convert it into normal language and apply the incoming data. Then it uses its I\/O peripherals to communicate and apply the suitable action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microcontrollers or MCUs are used in a wide range of systems and devices. Many devices often used multiple microcontrollers that work together in one device to handle their respective tasks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">For example, a car might consist of many microcontrollers that have the power to control various individual systems within, like the anti-lock braking system, fuel injection system, traction control, or suspension control. In this system, all the microcontrollers communicate with each other to take the proper actions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Some other microcontrollers may communicate with a more complex central computer within the car, and others may communicate with other microcontrollers only. They can send and receive data by using their I\/O peripherals and process that data to perform their designated tasks.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_microcontrollers\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Types of microcontrollers<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">There are various types of microcontrollers on different bases:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Based on width-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Bus-width:<\/strong> It generally refers to the parallel lines that connect the various components. Its function is to transmit data between CPU, Memory, and Input\/Output Ports. Microcontrollers contain three types of buses inside it: data bus, address bus, and control bus. It is divided into three types- 8,16, 32 bits microcontrollers.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>8-bits Microcontroller:<\/strong> The bus width of such microcontrollers is 8 bit which means 1 byte wide long. It means it can transfer &amp; process the information of 8 bits in a single cycle. The main hindrance of it is, it poses is in the mathematical operations because its ALU (arithmetic logic unit) is also an 8-bit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">To process outsized data for example 16 bit, it uses multiple cycles to finish an easy mathematical function. It results in poor performance of the general logic circuit. Common examples of 8- bits microcontrollers are Intel 8031\/8051 and PIC1x.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>16-bit Microcontroller:<\/strong> The bus width of such a microcontroller is 16 bits that means 2 bytes wide long. It can transfer &amp; process information of 16 bits in a single cycle. Its 16-bit arithmetic ALU is very efficient in its performance as compared to the 8-bit microcontroller.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">And its 16-bit timer provides a wide range of 0x0000 (0) to 0xFFFF (65535) which provides the most effective accuracy per cost for any application or project that requires Timer functions. Some examples of it are 8051XA, PIC2x, Intel 8096, etc.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>32-bit Microcontroller:<\/strong> A 32-bit microcontroller contains a bus width of 32 bits which is 4 bytes long. The performance &amp; accuracy of such microcontrollers is higher than any other microcontrollers but they&#8217;re a bit expensive &amp; consume lots of power.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It can even support multiple peripherals required in any embedded system projects or applications like Universal Serial Bus (USB), Ethernet, Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter devices (UARTS), and a Controller Area Network (CAN) bus. Some common examples of 32-bit microcontrollers are Intel\/Atmel 251 family, and PIC3x, etc.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">You can read also:<\/span> <strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/what-is-integrated-circuit-and-applications-of-ic\/\">What is Integrated Circuit: Types, Uses, &amp; Applications of Integrated Circuit?<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Based on Memory-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Embedded Memory Microcontroller:<\/strong> Embedded memory means all the memory blocks and modules are in a single package. This functional block includes program &amp; data memory, Timers &amp; counters, interrupts, etc. Memory blocks are fixed and can not be expandable but in microcontrollers, ROM can extend its memory.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>External Memory Microcontroller:<\/strong> This kind of microcontroller doesn&#8217;t have one among the essential memory blocks inside its chip &amp; it has to be connected externally to function properly. The use of external modules increases the dimensions of the overall device.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Based on Instruction Set Architecture-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):<\/strong> In this kind of microcontroller, the CPU is designed to execute one or single complex command. It can execute multiple instructions by using a single instruction. It has a small-sized program and that is its advantage. But because of the large size of its instruction set with many addressing modes, it takes a multiple machine cycle to execute &amp; result in a long time to perform.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers):<\/strong> In this kind of microcontroller, the CPU is designed to execute small and simple complex commands. It takes only one machine to execute a single instruction hence, the instruction can be reduced to execute complex instructions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0Based on Microcontroller Architecture-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Harvard Architecture Microcontroller:<\/strong> It is a type of microcontroller that has complete instruction in one machine cycle. It has two separate bus lines and separate memory storage for program code (instructions), the data, program memory &amp; the data memory respectively. Its cost is higher due to its complex design.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Von Neumann (or Princeton) Architecture Microcontroller:<\/strong> It uses single memory for the program and data storage. It is a widely used architecture in various computers, desktops, and laptops. It required two machine cycles to complete an instruction. Its cost is very low as compared to Harvard architecture because it uses a single bus and its design is also simple.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Various Other Types of Microcontrollers\u00a0used are-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>PIC Microcontroller:<\/strong> Features of PIC Microcontroller are-<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">No internal oscillator<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">40 pin IC in DIP packaging with 33 pins available for I\/O<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Uses external clock up to 20 MHz as there is no internal clock<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Smaller instructions set of 35<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Operating voltage ranges from 4.2v to 5.5v.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>8051 Microcontroller:<\/strong> Features of 8051 Microcontroller are-<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">8bit microcontroller available in 40 pin DIP<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">4Kb on-chip programmable ROM for storing program code<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">128 bytes on-chip RAM for temporary data storage<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">40 pin IC in DIP packaging with 32 pins available for I\/O<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>AVR Microcontroller: <\/strong>Features of AVR Microcontroller are-<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Having an internal oscillator of 8MHz<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">1Kb on-chip programmable ROM for storing program code<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">32Kb on-chip RAM for temporary data storage<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">4 PWM channels for generating pulses<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It contains three timers which include two 8-bit timers &amp; one 16-bit timer.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>ARM Microcontroller:<\/strong> Features of ARM Microcontroller are-<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">32-bit RISC processor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">energy efficient having higher performance<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Cortex M0 processor that offers low speed at low cost<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Based on Harvard architecture<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>RENESAS Microcontroller: <\/strong>Features of RENESAS Microcontroller are-<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Based on CISC Harvard architecture<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">8-bit &amp; 16-bit microcontroller whereas RX is a 32-bit microcontroller<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Low power microcontroller is RL78 while RX offers high performance &amp; efficiency<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">RX family RAM ranges in the form of 2KB to 128KB<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FeaturesAdvantages_of_Microcontrollers\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Features\/Advantages of Microcontrollers<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The features of microcontrollers are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microcontrollers may act as a microcomputer that does not have any digital parts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Due to the higher integration inside the system, microcontrollers reduce the cost and size of the system.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Instruction cycle timer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microcontroller usage is easy, and simple to troubleshoot and system maintaining.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Easily interface additional RAM, ROM, I\/O ports.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It required less time for performing operations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantages_of_Microcontrollers\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Disadvantages of Microcontrollers<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The disadvantages of Microcontrollers are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microcontrollers have a more complex architecture than microprocessors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It can only perform a limited number of executions simultaneously.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It is mostly used in micro-equipments which are hard to operate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">It cannot interface high-power devices directly because of its slower speed.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Examples_of_Microcontroller\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Examples of Microcontroller<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Here is the list of common microcontrollers that are widely used.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Altera<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Analog Devices<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Atmel<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Espressif Systems<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Freescale Semiconductor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Cypress Semiconductor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">ELAN Microelectronics Corp<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">EPSON Semiconductor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Hyperstone<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Holtek<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Fujitsu<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Infineon<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Intel<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Lattice Semiconductor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Parallax<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Rabbit Semiconductor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Renesas Electronics<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Redpine Signals<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Rockwell<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Maxim Integrated<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Microchip Technology<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">National Semiconductor<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">NEC<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">NXP Semiconductors<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Nuvoton Technology<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Panasonic<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Silicon Laboratories<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Silicon Motion<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Sony<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Texas Instruments<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Toshiba<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Spansion<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">STMicroelectronics<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Ubicom<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Xilinx<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">XMOS<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">ZiLOG<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Applications_of_Microcontroller\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Applications of Microcontroller<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Nowadays you can find microcontrollers in all types of electronic devices. Any automobile or other device which measures, controls, calculates, stores, or displays information must have a microcontroller chip inside it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The microcontrollers used widely are in the industries (microcontrollers widely used for controlling engines and power controls in automobiles). Various other equipment contains microcontrollers inside it, such as keyboards, printers, computer mice, modems, and other peripherals. In various equipment, microcontrollers make it easy to add some features like the power to store measurements, to form and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Various other products that use microcontrollers include digital camcorders, optical players, <a href=\"https:\/\/electronics.howstuffworks.com\/difference-between-lcd-and-led.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LCD\/LED<\/a> display units, etc. And these are just a couple of examples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">Here are some applications of a microcontroller are follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Consumer Electronics Products &#8211;<\/strong> Any automatic home appliance like Robots, Toys, Cameras, Washing machines, Microwave Ovens, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Instrumentation and Process Control &#8211; <\/strong>Multimeter, Leakage Current Tester, Oscilloscopes, Data Acquisition and Control, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Fire Detection &#8211; <\/strong>Security alarm, Safety devices, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Medical Instruments &#8211; <\/strong>Medical machines like ECG, Accu-Chek, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Communication technology &#8211; <\/strong>Telephone Sets, Cell Phones, Answering Machines, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Multimedia Application &#8211; <\/strong>Mp3 Player, PDAs, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Office Machines &#8211; <\/strong>Fax machine, Printers, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><strong>Automobile &#8211; <\/strong>Auto-braking system, Speedometer, etc.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Microcontrollers_vs_Microprocessors\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">The difference between the Microcontrollers and Microprocessors are given below:<\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-257 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1.jpg\" alt=\"Microcontroller vs Microprocessor\" width=\"785\" height=\"806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1.jpg 785w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-292x300.jpg 292w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-768x789.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-370x380.jpg 370w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-270x277.jpg 270w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-570x585.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-487x500.jpg 487w, https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Microcontroller-vs-Microprocessor-1-740x760.jpg 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" title=\"\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Microcontrollers are a huge part of today&#8217;s world. Everywhere you see microcontrollers are present in various forms whether driving a car, on any computer gadgets, also making a coffee with a coffee machine. As technology increases, the way of working also develops. Let&#8217;s start with the microcontroller. What is a Microcontroller?\u00a0 A microcontroller also called [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":177,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=176"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/177"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tescaglobal.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}